You are reading the article An Introduction To Using Zenmap On Linux updated in December 2023 on the website Moimoishop.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested January 2024 An Introduction To Using Zenmap On Linux
Zenmap is a cross-platform application which is available for Linux, Windows and OS X. Other than any Linux specific information, like the installation process, this tutorial applies equally to all of the supported platforms. Talking of the installation process, you can install it on Ubuntu using the Ubuntu Software Center (just search for “zenmap”) or from the command line using:
sudo
apt-get install
zenmapThe above command also works on the Raspberry Pi and probably most other Debian or Ubuntu derived distributions. For other distros that use yum, like Fedora, then use:
su
-c
"yum install nmap-frontend"
Although Zenmap can be launched via the desktop, it is however best to start it via the command line with root privileges, otherwise Zenmap can’t use some of nmap's functionality.
To start it on Ubuntu run:
sudo
zenmapThere are two main ways to start nmap scan using Zenmap, either by entering a target address and selecting a scan type from the “Profile” drop-down list or by entering the command directly in the “Command” field. If you are familiar with nmap or you want to try out some of the commands from the previous articles, you can use the “Command” field directly.
The power of Zenmap is that it stores and sorts all the information from any scans performed and allows you to build up a picture of your network. The easiest thing to do is a Ping scan to see what devices are alive on your network. In the “Target” field enter 192.168.1.1/24 and select “Ping scan” from the Profile list. If you are using a different network range from 192.168.1.x then I will assume from here on that you know how to enter the correct range. For more details, please see the previous parts of this series.
Down the left side of the window, you will see a list of the devices (hosts) found on your network and on the right, the output from the nmap command. Above the output pane is a set of tabs: “Nmap Output”, “Ports/Hosts”, “Topology”, “Host Details” and “Scans”. Each one of these tabs shows more information about your network and the information presented is accumulative. This means the more scans you do, the more information is available.
Run an Intense scan against 192.168.1.1/24 to discover all the open ports and operating system on each host. After the scan, the OS icons will change in the hosts list on the left and the Ports/Hosts tab plus the “Host Details” tab will offer more information about each host.
Each circle on the diagram represents a host found on the network. If a host has less than three open ports, it will be green; more than three but less than six open ports, yellow; and more than six open ports, red. Hosts with filtered ports will have a yellow padlock symbol next to them.
ConclusionAs a further exercise try using some of the scans listed in the first two parts of this series by entering them directly into the “Command” field. Also if you want to permanently add these to the “Profile” drop-down list then use the built-in profile editor (under the Profile menu). The profile editor is also a good way to experiment with other scan parameters since the editor itself presents many of the nmap options as part of its user interface.
Gary Sims
Gary has been a technical writer, author and blogger since 2003. He is an expert in open source systems (including Linux), system administration, system security and networking protocols. He also knows several programming languages, as he was previously a software engineer for 10 years. He has a Bachelor of Science in business information systems from a UK University.
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An Introduction To Mobile Seo
Mobile is to SEO what glaze is to Krispy Kreme. You can’t have one without the other. It is the backbone of Google’s index.
Sure, the mobile-first index just rolled out in 2023, but Google has been dropping not-so-little hints for the past few years.
In 2023, Google announced the mobile searches surpassed desktop. Then in 2023, mobilegeddon 2.0 rocked the SEO world. And, in 2023, Google introduced us to the mobile-first index.
But the question still remains:
What should my mobile strategy be?
It isn’t enough to have a mobile-friendly site.
This post will tell you all you need to know to get started with mobile SEO.
Step into your future with the basics of mobile SEO.
How Google Deals with Mobile SearchIf it isn’t obvious yet, Google clearly favors mobile search.
But it can be quite confusing understanding how Google deals with mobile search.
So, here’s the lowdown on some common FAQs about mobile search and Google.
What URL Does Google Index If You Have Separate Mobile and Desktop URLs?Google will display the desktop URL for the desktop searches.
And, the mobile searches will get the mobile URLs.
But, the indexed content (the big chalupa that determines how your rank) will be from mobile.
URLs in search: With Mobile-first indexing, we index the mobile version. When we recognize separate mobile URLs, we’ll show the mobile URL to mobile users, and the desktop URL to desktop users – the indexed content will be the mobile version in both cases.
— Google Webmasters (@googlewmc) June 14, 2023
Will I Lose My Ranking Positions with the Mobile-First Index?But, mobile-friendliness is a ranking so your UX is still important.
Mobile-friendliness is reviewed page-by-page, which means you’ll want to update your money pages first.
On ranking: The mobile-first index doesn’t change anything for ranking other than that the mobile content is used. While mobile-friendliness is a ranking factor on mobile, being in the mobile-first index is not.
— Google Webmasters (@googlewmc) June 14, 2023
Allow me to let you in on a little secret:
Google wants both your desktop and mobile site to have the same content.
If you have the same content (like a responsive design), you will see no impact from the mobile-first index.
Plus, on the bright side, Google sends notifications to let webmasters know the mobile-first indexing is going down on your site.
Is Your Site Mobile-Friendly?To help you find out if your site is mobile-friendly, here are some of my favorite tools.
Best Practices for Mobile SEOLet’s break down how to optimize your site for mobile search.
We’ll start by exploring a few mobile SEO best practices and techniques that apply to all mobile sites.
Mobile ContentTo sum up mobile SEO, you want the same exact content from your desktop on your mobile site.
All content formats (text, videos, images, etc.) should be crawlable and indexable in mobile.
Google updated their app and mobile results to display badges for image search.
This means those image alt attributes that you’ve been ignoring are becoming even more relevant in mobile search.
I mean, if Google can already recognize dog and cat breeds through photos, can you imagine what’s next?
Also, with the rise of voice search, you may want to consider aligning your content.
For example, I would recommend optimizing your meta titles for mobile search because they are shorter.
Remember, voice search is performed from a mobile device, so it makes sense to optimize your mobile site.
Voice search = mobile device.
This means redefining the way marketers perform keyword research.
Long-form queries and questions are dominating the SERPs, which is why things like featured snippets are having a major impact.
It’s about user intent now.
Mobile Site PerformanceTo quote Top Gun, “I feel the need for speed.”
Yes, Google is feeling the need for speed as the official mobile “Speed Update” hit the scene.
This is why Google introduced the Accelerated Mobile Pages Project to improve site speed and page load times for mobile content.
AMP allows content to be cached and served directly within a SERP (rather than sending the user to the original website).
This is also why the industry will start to see AMP pages integrate with PWAs.
I would recommend using responsive design as well as AMP pages.
For example, using AMP pages to serve your blog posts and services pages if you’re an SEO agency may be something to consider.
And, if you want to get really deep into page speed, listen to this podcast with Bastian Grimm and Brent Csutoras as they discuss paint timings.
Making Your Website Mobile-FriendlyThere are three main approaches to making your website mobile-friendly:
Responsive Design
Adaptive Website
Separate Mobile Site
Here’s how to optimize each.
1. Optimizing Responsive Design for Mobile SearchThere’s a mistaken belief that if your site is responsive then it’s automatically mobile-friendly.
False.
Let me explain.
Responsive design maintains the same website content from desktop to mobile. It takes the same URLs, HTML, images, etc.
However, responsive design does not mean that the needs of your mobile visitors are met.
Responsive design still needs to be optimized for user experience.
With that said, Google has stated that responsive design is their preferred option for mobile SEO, but has confirmed there is no ranking boost to gain from having a responsive site.
And, based on a study by Appticles, published in Smashing Magazine, that responsive websites are the most common mobile-friendly site holding it down at 51.11 percent.
Here is what you need to know about optimizing your responsive design for mobile SEO:
Scale Images
Images already scale with responsive design. But, they may not be necessary for your mobile users. I’ll show you an example.
Here’s Navy Federal Credit Union’s homepage on desktop and mobile.
Now, here’s Bank of America’s homepage on desktop and mobile.
Bank of America, right?
Navy Federal’s desktop top image takes over the mobile website with no call-to-action. On the other hand, Bank of America’s CTA’s are front and center.
Key takeaway: Scale images for mobile users if you’re using responsive design. Ask your developer to create alternate images for different viewports. Don’t forget to update the meta name = “viewport.”
Clean Navigation
I would recommend monitoring your mobile user behavior to understand what they are searching for on your site.
Then, tailor your navigation to their needs.
For example, Best Buy keeps their navigation at the top with their main pages along with a hamburger menu in the center.
Side bar: Google has confirmed that hamburger menus are “fine” to use in mobile design.
Key takeaway: Keep your mobile navigation simple and clean. Limit the main pages to 4-8. If you need more, utilize a hamburger menu.
Delete Mobile Pop-Ups
Google wants your mobile users to find what they need and fast.
To help their mobile users, Google introduced a new signal in 2023 that stated:
“Pages where content is not easily accessible to a user on the transition from the mobile search results may not rank as high.”
That’s not to say all pop-ups are bad.
Here’s an example of a bad pop-up:
The newsletter takes up the entire screen without letting users read the content behind it.
Here’s an example of a good pop-up:
The image does not take up the full screen and the visitors can still see the content.
Key takeaway: Proceed with caution when it comes to pop-ups. There is proof that pop-ups do work. In fact, Sumo saw a 9.28 percent conversion rate for their pop-ups. Just tread lightly.
Shorten Copy
Desktop copy does not often translate well to mobile copy.
Lots of text on a mobile site can crowd and overwhelm mobile users.
I like to keep things simple by reducing text. Let me show you.
Now, here’s their mobile site:
The copy is reduced above the fold to keep the CTA clear and concise.
They pushed the longer form copy down for users to learn more if they scroll.
Key takeaway: Less is more. Keep conversions high by reducing the amount of copy above the fold. Entice users to scroll with the intitial text, then give them the full monty after scrolling.
Design CTAs
iAcquire and SurveyMonkey discovered that 70 percent of mobile searches lead to action on websites within one hour.
But, mobile conversions are lower than desktop.
Why?
The call-to-action is not clear.
Here’s what I mean:
Look at Close.io’s mobile site:
They require the user to scroll to see the CTA button.
It’s likely they are losing out on mobile conversions.
Now, here is an example from Flywheel.
You can see that they want users to “Sign up for free” to use their product.
2. Optimizing an Adaptive Website for Mobile SearchAn adaptive (or RESS/dynamically served) site uses the same URL, but the server sends a different version of the HTML (and CSS) based on what type of device is requesting the page.
You essentially have three different versions of your website:
Desktop.
Mobile.
Tablet.
Amazon is a great example of adaptive web design:
So, why did Amazon choose to use an adaptive web design over responsive?
Mobile Marketer reported that Amazon chose adaptive design to increase page speeds on mobile 40 percent.
If you’re a small business, I’d recommend going with the popular vote of a responsive design.
Adaptive websites require more resources.
Here is what you need to know about optimizing your adaptive website for mobile SEO:
Cloaking
Google will devalue your site if you’re showing one thing to the search engine and something different to the user.
This is cloaking.
To fix this issue, ask your host to use the Vary-HTTP Header.
This will guide the mobile crawler to the separate mobile content and signal to the server what type of device the user is coming from.
Customize Design
With adaptive design, developers have full control over the layout, display, and graphics.
If you’re website is tailored to multiple countries, then you may want to swap out the design elements based on region.
The downside to this is that you’ll have to manually update each version of the site.
For example, you can serve custom meta titles and meta descriptions that target mobile users.
Combine Adaptive with Responsive
There is an alternative before going knee deep in adaptive.
You can utilize responsive design with adaptive logic.
Developers can customize for mobile users using client-side JavaScript.
3. Optimizing a Separate Mobile Website for Mobile SearchA separate mobile site (or m-dot) is a completely different site.
The same basic SEO principles remain the same for your desktop, tablet, and mobile, but there are a few differences.
Here is what you need to know about optimizing your separate mobile website for mobile SEO:
Separate URLs
Each desktop URL should serve a mobile URL.
You will need to add the canonical URL rel=”canonical” tag to the mobile site pointing to the desktop URL. Like this:
<link rel=”alternate” media=”only screen and (max-width: 640px)”
This can also be done in the sitemaps.
Implement Mobile Switchboard Tags
Switchboard tags are similar to canonical tags, they tell Google a mobile URL exists with a rel=alternate tag.
Without switchboard tags, Google may not crawl the mobile versions of your URL.
You will need to add the rel=”alternate” tag to the desktop URL that points to the mobile URL. Like this:
This can also be done in the sitemaps.
Detect User-agent Strings
Double check your redirects to make sure that your desktop URLs coordinate to the correct mobile URL when redirecting.
Otherwise, you could create a faulty redirect (not good).
Luckily, Google Search Console will detect these faulty redirects for you.
Search Console Verification
Make sure you verify the mobile version of your website in Google Search Console.
Structured Data
Always include the same structured data on your mobile and desktop sites.
Your URLs in the structured data on mobile pages should be the mobile URL.
Hreflang
If you’re a global company using rel=hreflang, make sure your mobile URLs with the hreflang point to the mobile version of your country.
XML Sitemaps & Robots.txt
All links in the sitemaps should be available from the mobile version of the site.
This includes your chúng tôi file, too.
ConclusionFor all late nights cursing my laptop and stress eating that mobile SEO has caused me over the past few years, I’ll be the first to admit that the mobile-first index felt pretty blah.
The majority of the sites I work on are already responsive.
But, if you live for your separate mobile site, I won’t stop gushing about how important a uniform URL structure can be.
The end goal remains the same:
Allow the crawlers to access, read, and digest your content.
Optimize the UX for all devices.
Continue testing for better results.
Mobile search is no longer the future of SEO.
It’s here.
Do you have what it takes to make it out alive?
Image Credits
Featured Image: Paulo Bobita
Screenshots taken by author, September 2023
An Introduction To Tableau On Making Raw Data Useful
This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.
IntroductionWith this Tableau tutorial, you’ll learn how to visualize data and derive valuable insights from raw data, making dashboards, reports, tables, and more. We will also go through topics like Tableau’s desktop, server, and the various component of Tableau.
Tableau is a useful application for business intelligence and data visualization. It is used extensively for generating and distributing highly interactive and robust reports and dashboards that visually present the data like charts, graphs, plots, and so on. All the leading institutions have been built on data, so it is imperative to them that they make the most of the data sources available to them.
However, the available raw data is complex and hard to interpret, and it provides the solution for this. For acquiring and processing data, Tableau can connect to many files like excel, csv, JSON, etc. it can receive and process all types of data like structured(.csv), unstructured(json), and significant data sources.
Applications of TableauData can be diced and sliced using Tableau’s features, and then we can create appealing representations. If you display the same data in the form of bars, charts, graphs, and plots, you will be able to decipher it. It is possible to detect hidden patterns, relationships, trends, and new meanings so that you can make an informative & valuable business decision. It’s major applications are as follows:
Come up with quick visualizations and insights on different data sources
Allows harnessing your databases and maximizing query performance
Using statistics like trending and forecasting
Integrate powerful table calculations with computer programming languages like R
Utilize Tableau dashboards to interact with data in the most intuitive way possible
The Components of TableauTableau products work together and help users create data visualizations and generate reports by seamlessly transferring data between the products. Here is a list of the products or components:
Tableau Desktop lets you import data from different sources and create dashboards, stories, and workbooks. With Tableau Desktop and its website, you can share all the insights with others and publish the workbooks online. Tableau-desktop allows users to run direct queries on datasets without typing in a code. You only need to write the columns you wish to include and add visualizations like charts, tables, graphs, and maps. It can combine many sources of data into one dashboard.
It is used for publishing the reports and workbooks created in Tableau Desktop. The user can access workbooks and reports from anywhere. With it, you can access the latest content and workbooks, and reports generated by other users. To maintain security, the Tableau-Server admin has the right to set an authorization on specific projects, views, workbooks, and data sources.
It’s a free application you can install on your desktop and use to view the data visualizations built by users of Tableau Desktop. By using Tableau Reader, you can view, interact, add different types of filters, and drill down into the data without affecting the original datasets and visualizations.
Tableau Server lets you create workbooks and reports that can be saved, but anyone can view the workbooks because they are open to everyone.
Tableau Online is a platform that makes it easy to publish dashboards and share them with other users. The tool allows you and your colleagues to work on a project together and extract valuable information that can be transformed into visually interactive workbooks. Visuals can be accessed via the website, Desktop, and Mobile.
Different Types of VisualizationsThe most important visualizations of tableaus that are used widely are as follows:
Line Graph: Used primarily for constant dimensions
Bar Graph: For dimensions that are not constant
Dual Axis Graph: Used to present two different variables or measures at the same time
Geographical Graph: For measuring sales and plotting other data on geographical maps
Area graph: Comparing measures
Tree Map: Nested rectangles are used to present quantities
Heat Map: The tool is used for measuring differences across different categories
Tableau MapsThe best way to depict geographical data is with Tableau maps. The main purpose of maps is to visualize comparing data in different topographical areas. The following are its various applications of it:
Proportional Symbol Maps:
These maps are mainly used to visualize quantitative data for specific locations. Data of two or more quantities or variables can be added per location. An Earthquake map that shows the magnitude for the previous 10 years can be shown in a proportional symbol map.
Point distribution Maps:
The data point of a specific location is shared. A point distribution map can be used to visualize events that took place at a particular time. To create distribution maps, you need to know the latitude and longitude of your data source.
Heat Maps:
Heat maps visualize large volumes of data and spot trends that help the user make better decisions. You can create a heat map of your site data and see where users are coming from.
Flow Maps:
A flow or path map in Tableau shows the journey of an object from one place to another. An example of this would be a thunderstorm or hurricane. Over time, a hurricane’s flow map shows its path from the origin to the end.
Spider Map:
The origin-destination maps show the path for multiple destinations or a single origin. An example of a spider map would be the visualization of migrant data who moved from one country to another.
ConclusionTableau is one of the data visualization technologies growing exponentially, primarily in the business intelligence sector. It is swift to deploy, simple to use, easy to learn, and very intuitive for customers. It aids in converting raw data in an effortless and lucid way. It does data processing quickly and produces dashboard-style graphics. Solutions from Tableau Learning is applicable in many department and industries.
This introductory tutorial is intended for all students who desire to understand the software and operate in the business intelligence industry. Anyone can go through this to understand the basics, whether it is to work in data analytics, data visualization, or business intelligence.
The media shown in this article is not owned by Analytics Vidhya and is used at the Author’s discretion.
Related
Specify An Editor For Crontab On Linux
The default editor for crontab on Linux is the vi editor. However, this can be changed by setting the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable to the desired editor before running the crontab command. For example, to use nano as the editor for crontab, the command would be −
export VISUAL=nano; crontab -eor
export EDITOR=nano; crontab -eThis will open the crontab file in nano for editing.
Editor in LinuxAn editor in Linux is a program that allows users to create, view, and modify text files. There are many different text editors available for Linux, each with their own set of features and functionality. Some popular text editors for Linux include −
vi/vim − a powerful and highly configurable text editor that is often included with Linux distributions by default.
nano − a simple and easy-to-use text editor that is often used as a default editor for new Linux users.
emacs − a highly customizable text editor with a large user base and a wide range of features.
gedit − a text editor with a graphical user interface (GUI) that is often included with the Gnome desktop environment.
Sublime Text − a proprietary, cross-platform text editor with a large user base and a wide range of features.
In addition to these text editors, there are many other options available, including command-line based editors like joe, jed, ed, and more and GUI based editors like Atom, Visual Studio Code, etc.
Default Editor in LinuxThe default editor in Linux can vary depending on the distribution and the system settings.
Some Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, use nano as the default editor for command-line based tasks.
Other distributions, such as Red Hat or Fedora, use vim (vi-improved) as the default editor.
However, it’s also possible to change the default editor by setting the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable. For example, if you want to use nano as the default editor, you can add the following line to your .bashrc file −
export VISUAL=nanoor
export EDITOR=nanoThis will make nano the default editor for all command-line based tasks that use the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable.
Select-editorThe command select-editor is a command line utility in some Linux distributions that allows the user to interactively select the default command line editor. The selection will be stored in the VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables, so that it becomes the default editor for all command line based tasks that use those variables.
It can be used by running the command select-editor in terminal, it will then present you with a list of available editors and you can select the one you prefer.
For example, in Ubuntu, you can use the select-editor command to change the default editor to nano, by selecting it from the list.
sudo update-alternatives --config editorThis command will show you a list of available editors on your system and ask you which one you would like to use as the default.
Keep in mind that this command may not be available in all distributions.
ConclusionIn conclusion, the default editor in Linux can vary depending on the distribution and system settings. Some popular text editors for Linux include vi/vim, nano, emacs, gedit, and Sublime Text. The default editor can be changed by setting the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variable, or by using the select-editor command (if available in the distribution). It’s important to note that the availability of the command select-editor may vary depending on the Linux distribution you are using.
Http Request In Power Automate – An Introduction
Despite having a variety of connectors that we can choose from, Power Automate also has its limitations. It can’t cover everything we might need in order to build our workflows. There might be an instance when we want to integrate or trigger our flow using an application that’s not available in Power Automate.
The HTTP and Request connectors allow our flow to interact with third party APIs.
We’ve used Request to trigger a workflow in one of our previous tutorials. In that example, we had a third party application that triggered a Power Automate flow with approvals and conditional logic.
And that’s how we can basically connect a third party application to our flows.
On the other hand, the HTTP connector allows us to ping any third party API that we have. So it’s not necessarily used as a trigger. It’s mostly used as an action.
Let’s say we have a flow where we have to get some information from an API. We send the customer’s ID via that API and we get back the customer’s name or passport number. Then we need that information in our Power Automate logic.
But we don’t want to keep that sensitive information within Power Automate. Therefore, we need to create an API in our third party system that can take in HTTP requests. And that’s what we’re going to do as an example.
I currently don’t have a third party API. So for this particular example, we’ll be using a website called chúng tôi It has a third party API endpoint that we can use in order to test if our flow is working or not. For example, they have a function called LIST USERS that contains a corresponding request. And if we request it, the items within the Response column is everything that we can get back.
Then, copy the URL. This serves as the API endpoint.
Then paste the URL that we have previously copied.
We can also enter headers, queries, and cookies if we want to. However, we’ll be skipping that for now.
Search and select the Slack connector.
Let’s post the contents to the random channel.
For the Message text, let’s choose the Body and see what we find.
Let’s rename our flow to HTTP Example.
Add a new step and choose the Data Operation connector.
Then choose Parse JSON.
Move the Parse JSON step in between the HTTP request and the Post message action.
Copy the codes from the request link.
As we noticed, it automatically created the schema that we can easily understand.
For the Content field, we need to put in whatever we want to parse. In this example, we want to parse the Body that we get from the HTTP request.
And why is this important? Well, we don’t have to post the whole body of the message anymore. Now, we have access to more dynamic contents such as email, first name, last name, avatar, company, URL, and many more.
Parse JSON allows us to take any JSON output we get, parse it into different dynamic content that we can then use later on in our subsequent flow steps. We used this action so that our flow won’t Slack the whole JSON content, and only displays the relevant information that we actually need.
Now, instead of Body, let’s change this to first_name.
Then, we’ll see that it changed our action into Apply to each.
This is because our flow receives multiple first names from the request.
As we can see, it only displays the first names now.
All things considered, we’re able to create an HTTP request that integrates our flow to a third party application. From there, we parsed the JSON content using Data Operation connector in Power Automate. It automatically generated a schema using a sample JSON payload. By parsing the JSON, we transformed a typical response from an HTTP request into a more relevant and understandable piece of information.
We can definitely do tons of different things with the HTTP request and Parse JSON actions. Hopefully, you were able to understand their importance and how they work.
All the best,
Henry
Using Xz Compression In Linux
Introduction
In world of computing, data compression has become a crucial tool in many applications. It is used to reduce size of files, improve transfer speed, and save storage space. Linux operating systems come with a wide range of compression tools, including popular gzip and bzip2. However, there is another compression tool that is becoming increasingly popular in Linux world, and that is xz compression. In this article, we will explore what xz compression is, how it works, and how to use it effectively in Linux.
What is xz Compression?xz compression is a high-ratio data compression tool that is used to compress files in Linux environment. It was developed by Lasse Collin and is based on LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain-Algorithm) compression algorithm. xz compression algorithm has a very high compression ratio, meaning that it can compress files to a much smaller size than other compression tools like gzip and bzip2.
How Does xz Compression Work?The xz compression algorithm works by breaking input data into small blocks, and then compressing each block independently using LZMA algorithm. compressed blocks are then combined and stored in output file. LZMA algorithm uses a combination of dictionary-based and statistical compression techniques to achieve high compression ratios.
The xz compression tool uses .xz file extension for compressed files. xz format is a container format that supports multiple compression algorithms, including LZMA, BCJ (Branch Target Injection), and Delta.
Using xz Compression in LinuxTo use xz compression in Linux, you need to install xz utilities package. Most Linux distributions come with xz package pre-installed. If it’s not installed on your system, you can install it using your package manager. Once installed, you can use xz command-line tool to compress and decompress files.
To compress a file using xz, you can use following command −
xz filenameFor example, to compress a file named “example.txt” using xz, you can use following command −
xz example.txtThis will compress file and create a new file named “example.txt.xz”. original file will be deleted.
To decompress an xz compressed file, you can use following command −
unxz filename.xzFor example, to decompress a file named “example.txt.xz”, you can use following command −
unxz example.txt.xzThis will decompress file and create a new file named “example.txt”. original compressed file will be deleted.
Using xz Compression with TarThe xz compression tool can also be used in conjunction with tar utility to create compressed tar archives. Tar is a file archiving utility that is used to combine multiple files into a single archive file. To create a compressed tar archive using xz, you can use following command −
tar -Jcvf chúng tôi files...For example, to create a compressed tar archive of all files in current directory, you can use following command −
tar -Jcvf chúng tôi *This will create a compressed tar archive named “archive.tar.xz” containing all files in current directory.
To extract files from a compressed tar archive, you can use following command −
tar -Jxvf archive.tar.xzThis will extract all files from compressed tar archive.
Using xz Compression with PipeFor example, to compress output of “ls” command and save it to a compressed file named “ls_output.xz”, you can use following command −
This will compress output of “ls” command and save it to a compressed file named “ls_output.xz”.
To decompress data on fly using xz, you can use following command −
xz -d < compressed_file.xzFor example, to decompress a compressed file named “example.txt.xz” and display output on terminal, you can use following command −
xz -d < example.txt.xzThis will decompress file and display output on terminal.
Advanced Usage of xz Compression Compression LevelThe xz compression tool supports different compression levels ranging from -0 (fastest) to -9 (slowest but highest compression ratio). By default, xz uses -6 compression level, which provides a good balance between compression speed and ratio. To specify a different compression level, you can use -z option followed by compression level. For example, to use highest compression level (-9), you can use following command −
xz -9 filenameThis will compress file using highest compression level, resulting in a smaller compressed file but at expense of longer compression time.
Memory UsageThe xz compression tool can use a lot of memory during compression process. By default, xz uses maximum amount of available memory to achieve best compression ratio. However, if you have limited memory or if you want to reduce memory usage, you can specify maximum amount of memory to use using –memory option. For example, to limit memory usage to 512 MB, you can use following command −
xz --memory=512M filename Multi-threading xz -T4 filename Integrity CheckThe xz compression tool can also perform an integrity check after compression to ensure that compressed file is not corrupted. By default, xz performs an integrity check using CRC32 algorithm. To disable integrity check, you can use -S option followed by none. For example, to disable integrity check, you can use following command −
xz -S none filenameThis will compress file without performing an integrity check.
ConclusionIn conclusion, xz compression is a powerful compression tool that can help save storage space, reduce transfer times, and improve performance. It offers a very high compression ratio, making it a popular choice for Linux users. xz compression tool is easy to use and can be used in conjunction with other Linux utilities like tar and pipe to create compressed archives and compress or decompress data on fly. If you’re looking for an efficient and effective compression tool for your Linux system, give xz compression a try.
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