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Introduction to PostgreSQL blobPostgreSQL blob data type is defined as binary large object, basically blob data type is not available in PostgreSQL instead of blob we have using bytea data type. Blob data type in PostgreSQL is basically used to store the binary data such as content of file in PostgreSQL. The storage size of blob data type in PostgreSQL is 1 to 4 bytes plus the string of actual binary, input format of blob data type is different in PostgreSQL.
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Syntax
Below is the syntax :
Create table name_of_table (name_of_column1 data_type, name_of_column2 data_type, name_of_column3 data_type, …, name_of_columnN bytea); Name_of_variable or name_of_column bytea; Alter table name_of_tableadd columnname_of_column bytea;Below is the parameter description syntax of blob/bytea data type in PostgreSQL:
Create table: We create a table in PostgreSQL by using the “CREATE TABLE” statement and define the column with the data type “BYTEA”. We can create any table and defining data type as bytea to the column.
Name of table: When creating a table in PostgreSQL, we define the name of the table and assign the “BYTEA” data type to the column. We can define bytea data type to the column at the time of table creation. Also, we are defining the data type as bytea after table creation using alter command.
Name of column 1 to name of column N: This is defined as create a column on the table and defined bytea data type for the same.
Data type: When creating a table in PostgreSQL, we assign the data type to the table column. We can define data type as per which data we are storing into the table.
blob/bytea: The data type “BLOB”/”BYTEA” is specified when creating the column in the table. We store the binary data or file into the table using the blob data type.
Name of variable: This is nothing but the column name which we used at the time of table creation.
Alter table: We use the ALTER TABLE command in PostgreSQL to modify a table. With the ALTER command, we can change the data type of a column from one type to another.
Add column: We use the ADD COLUMN command in PostgreSQL to add a new column to a table. In this case, we are adding a new column and defining its data type as BLOB/BYTEA.
How blob Data Type works in PostgreSQL?
From PostgreSQL 7.2 version, we can store binary type of data into a table by using the bytea data type.
The blob data type’s storage size is 1 to 4 bytes, but it depends on the string used at the time of insertion.
For inserting data into the blob column, we need to create a function first. After creating the function, we call the same and restore data into the table.
PostgreSQL supports the binary data type, but we need to be careful while using the same.
At the time of insertion SQL statement in the blob data type column, we need to have a binary string with the values. Also, we have to escape some characters from the binary string as per the rules provided in PostgreSQL.
In PostgreSQL, binary strings can be divided into character strings in two ways. PostgreSQL bytea supports two external format for output and input.
Output format of bytea data type depends on the configuration parameter, the default value of bytea data type parameter is hex in PostgreSQL.
There is no specific data type of blob available in PostgreSQL; instead of a blob, we are using a bytea data type.
Example:
Below example shows that we are using bytea data type instead of blob data type in PostgreSQL.
Code:
create table test_blob (text_blob blob, id int, address varchar, phone int); create table test_blob (text_blob bytea, id int, address varchar, phone int); d+ test_blob;Output:
In the above example, we have used the blob data type at the time of table creation, but it will issue an error that the blob data type does not exist.
In the second example, instead of a blob, we have used bytea data type, using bytea data type, we have created a table. Using bytea data type, we can restore binary type data in PostgreSQL.
ExamplesGiven below are the examples mentioned :
Example #1Create a table by using blob/bytea data type.
Below example shows that create a table using blob/bytea data type.
We have defined bytea data type to blob_test column.
Code:
create table test_blob1 (blob_test bytea, id int, address varchar, phone int, name varchar); d+ test_blob1Output:
Example #2Create a table by defining blob/bytea data type on multiple column.
Below example shows that create a table by using blob/bytea data type on multiple column.
We have defined bytea data type to blob_test, blob_test1, and blob_test2 column.
Code:
create table test_blob2 (blob_test bytea, blob_test1 bytea, blob_test2 bytea,id int, address varchar, phone int, name varchar); d+ test_blob2 Example #3Add a new column and define the data type as blob/bytea.
Below example shows that add a new column and define the data type as blob/bytea.
In the below example, we are adding the column name as blob_test1 and defining the data type as blob/bytea for the same.
Code:
Alter table test_blob1 ADD COLUMN blob_test1 bytea; d+ test_blob1;Output:
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The Seq() Function In R: A Complete Guide (With Examples)
Dealing with number sequences in data science is common. Having the tools to easily produce sequences of numbers of different lengths, stepsizes, and start/end values is crucial. This way you can avoid having to write loops to produce number sequences over and over again. In R, you can use the built-in seq() function to create number sequences easily.
x <- seq(10) # 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10This is a comprehensive guide to the seq() function in R.
You will learn the syntax among the different optional parameters. All the theory is backed up by great and illustrative examples that cover each of the seq() function parameters.
What Is the seq() Function in R?In R, you can generate a sequence of numbers with the built-in seq() function. The seq() function allows you to control the start and end values of the sequence as well as the desired length and step size.
Before taking a look at examples, let’s see what the complete syntax of the seq() function looks like.
SyntaxTypically, you see the seq() function being used with a single argument like this:
x <- seq(10)This produces a sequence of numbers from 1 to 10.
But the full syntax of the seq() function in R is:
seq(from=1, to=1, by=1, length.out=NULL, along.with=NULL)Where:
from is the starting value of the sequence.
to is the end value of the sequence.
by is the “jump length” by which the values are incremented every step.
chúng tôi is the desired sequence length.
along.with is the desired sequence length that matches the length of another data object.
In the examples section, you will learn how to use each of these parameters in the seq() function call.
Examples of the seq() Function in RLet’s take a look at 5 different examples of the seq() function in R that covers all the different parameters.
Example 1: The ‘from’ ParameterThe most basic way to call the seq() function in R is by giving it a single parameter, that is, the end value of the sequence. When you do this, the default start value of the sequence is 1 as well as the default step size.
For example, let’s create a sequence of numbers from 1 to 10:
x <- seq(10) xOutput:
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Example 2: The ‘from’ and ‘to’ ParametersNot always do you want the sequence to start from 1. In this case, you can specify both the start and the end values for the sequence by specifying the from and to parameters in the seq() function call.
For example, let’s produce a sequence of numbers from 5 to 10:
x <- seq(from=5, to=10) xOutput:
[1] 5 6 7 8 9 10 Example 3: The ‘by’ ParameterThus far you’ve seen examples where the stepsize is 1, that is, consecutive numbers are incremented by 1 in the sequence. But if you want to produce sequences with stepsizes other than 1, you need to specify the optional by argument in the seq() call.
For example, let’s create a sequence of numbers from 5 to 100 with a stepsize of 10:
x <- seq(from=5, to=100, by=10) xOutput:
[1] 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Example 4: The ‘length.out’ ParameterSometimes it’s useful to specify a sequence of numbers in a range with a fixed length. This way you can uniformly distribute values of a certain length to a sequence of predetermined length.
For example, let’s generate a sequence of values between 0 and 10 and set the desired length of the sequence at 4:
x <- seq(from=0, to=10, length.out=4) xOutput:
[1] 0.000000 3.333333 6.666667 10.000000The seq() function calculates the numbers such that they are evenly distributed across the range.
Example 5: The ‘along.with’ ParameterWhen dealing with multiple sequences of numbers, you sometimes might want to generate a new sequence such that it matches the length of another one.
Of course, you could set the optional out.length variable to the length of the desired sequence. But if the length needs to match with another sequence, it’s safer to specify the optional along.with parameter. This way the code is more consistent and the intent is clearer.
For example:
y <- c(0.1, 1.5, 2.9, 4.6) x <- seq(from=0, to=10, along.with=y) xOutput:
[1] 0.000000 3.333333 6.666667 10.000000 SummaryToday you learned how to use the built-in seq() function in R.
To recap, the seq() function produces a sequence of numbers from a start value to the end. You can use the seq() function to produce sequences with the desired length, stepsize, and start/end values.
Thanks for reading. Happy coding!
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Learn The Examples Of Postgresql Subquery
Introduction to PostgreSQL Subquery
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Syntax 1. With a select statement Select column_name1, .., column_nameN From table_name1 [, table_name2] Where column_name operator Select column_name from table_name1 [, table_name2] [Where] condition) 2. With Insert statement INSERT INTO table_name [ (column_name1 [, column_name2 ]) ] FROM table_name1 [, table_name2] [WHERE VALUE OPERATOR] 3. With update statement UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value [WHERE OPERATOR [VALUE] (SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME) [WHERE) ] 4. With delete statement DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME [ WHERE OPERATOR [ VALUE ] (SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME) [ WHERE) ]Below is the parameter description of the above syntax as follows.
Select – Used to select the statement.
Column_name1 to column_nameN – It specifies the Column name.
From – You use the “From” clause to retrieve data from the chosen table.
TABLE_NAME – Used to specify the Table name.
Where condition – Where condition specified to fetch data per the query described to fetch the data.
Insert – Used to Insert statement.
Delete – Used to Delete statement.
Update – Used to Update statement.
Working of PostgreSQL SubqueryBelow is the working as follows.
A nested subquery, also known as an inner query, is what this refers to.
We have used the PostgreSQL subquery to select, insert, update, and delete statements.
It’s important to note that when working with PostgreSQL, you cannot use a subquery between operators with another subquery. However, you can use it within the Subquery itself.
Enclose it with parentheses.
We have used only one column in the select clause and multiple columns in the main query to compare it with the selected columns. Subqueries in PostgreSQL do not support the use of the “Order by” clause, but they can still be utilized in the main query.
Instead of the order by, we have used group by to perform the same operation as order by.
It will return more than one row.
You can use a subquery to return data that serves as a condition to restrict further the data retrieved by the main query.
Types of PostgreSQL SubqueryBelow is the type as follows. We have used Employee_test1 and Employee_test2 tables to describe types.
1. Table1 – Employee_test1 CREATE TABLE Employee_Test1 ( emp_id INT NOT NULL, emp_name character(10) NOT NULL, emp_address character(20) NOT NULL, emp_phone character(14), emp_salary INT NOT NULL, date_of_joining date NOT NULL); INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (1, 'ABC', 'Pune', '1234567890', 20000, '01-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (2, 'PQR', 'Pune', '1234567890', 20000, '01-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (3, 'XYZ', 'Mumbai', '1234567890', 35000, '02-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (4, 'BBS', 'Mumbai', '1234567890', 45000, '02-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (5, 'RBS', 'Delhi', '1234567890', 50000, '03-01-2023'); select * from Employee_Test1; 2. Table2 – Employee_test2 CREATE TABLE Employee_Test2 ( emp_id INT NOT NULL, emp_name character(10) NOT NULL, emp_address character(20) NOT NULL, emp_phone character(14), emp_salary INT NOT NULL, date_of_joining date NOT NULL); INSERT INTO Employee_Test2 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (1, 'PQR', 'Pune', '1234567890', 20000, '01-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test2 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (2, 'XYZ', 'Mumbai', '1234567890', 35000, '02-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test2 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (3, 'BBS', 'Mumbai', '1234567890', 45000, '02-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test2 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (4, 'RBS', 'Delhi', '1234567890', 50000, '03-01-2023'); INSERT INTO Employee_Test2 (emp_id, emp_name, emp_address, emp_phone, emp_salary, date_of_joining) VALUES (6, 'ABC', 'Pune', '1234567890', 20000, '01-01-2023'); select * from Employee_test2;
Subqueries with the SELECT Statement
Below is the example of the Subqueries with the SELECT Statement as follows.
Subqueries with the INSERT Statement
Below is the example of the Subqueries with the INSERT Statement as follows.
INSERT INTO Employee_Test1 SELECT * FROM Employee_Test2 WHERE EMP_ID IN (SELECT EMP_ID FROM Employee_Test2) ; select * from Employee_test1;
Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement
Below is the example of the Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement as follows.
select * from Employee_test1;
Subqueries with the DELETE Statement
Below is the example of the Subqueries with the DELETE Statement as follows.
select * from Employee_test1; ConclusionA subquery in PostgreSQL is also called a nested or inner subquery. It does not use the ORDER BY clause, but the main query can use it to order the results. We used to group by clause instead of the order by clause in the PostgreSQL subquery.
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Complete Guide To The Matlab Mesh() With Sample Code
Introduction to Matlab mesh()
The Matlab built-in function mesh() is a 3D plotting function to create 3- dimensional surface plot with respect to the values from the input matrix. The plot generated from mesh() is a surface graphic object which is wireframe parametric by nature. This function maps the input matrix values to color values, generating color maps. The height of the plot depends on the input matrix value, above to x-y plane that can be defined by X, Y coordinate inputs. The color for the plot is determined depending on the surface height.
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Syntax:
This 3D surface plotting function can be implement with different syntaxes depending on input arguments, provided to the function call.
Different syntax and their respective input arguments are described in the below table:
Syntax Description
mesh(Z) It is used to generate 3D surface plot of which x, y co-ordinates are decided by column and row indices of the input matrix ‘Z’.
mesh(Z,C) It is used to generate 3D surface plot for input matrix ‘Z’ with the color for the edges set to ‘C’.
mesh(X,Y,Z) It is used to generate 3D surface plot of which height is determined by the values in the input matrix ‘Z’ and the x-y plane is set by X and Y.
mesh(X,Y,X,C) It is used to generate 3D surface plot of which on the x-y plane, set by X and Y, with edge color ‘C’.
It is used to generate the 3D surface plot with the new axis ‘ax’.
mesh(__,name, value) It is used to set surface properties for the plot using name-value pair argument format.
It is used to store the 3D plot generated from the function mesh() in chart surface object. The object can be used to modify the surface object properties after the plot is generated.
Examples of Matlab mesh() Example #1 – Using mesh(Z)The below code snippet is used to generate 3D plot for the input matrix ‘I’ which is function of x-coordinate ‘P’ and y-co-ordinates ‘R’ providing ‘I’ as single input argument to the mesh() function call.
Code:
mesh(I)
Output:
The plot is generated with the default color value depending on the data values in the input matrix.
Example #2 – Using mesh(Z, C)The below set of command is defined to change the color of the same plot generated in the previous function defining the input argument ‘C’.
Code:
colorbar
Output:
The color value is set by the input argument ‘C’ which is being designed as function of the x,y coordinates ‘P’ and ‘Q’.
Example #3 – Using mesh(X, Y, Z)The code written below generates 3D surface plot from mesh() function which accepts 3 input arguments i.e. input matrix ‘Z’ , x,y coordinate inputs ‘P’ and ‘Q’.
Code:
mesh(P,Q,Z)
Output:
Example #4 – Using mesh(X, Y, Z, C)The below set of command is defined to change the color of the same plot generated in the previous function defining the input argument ‘C’.
Code:
Output:
The color value is set by the input argument ‘C’ which is being designed as function of the x,y coordinates ‘P’ and ‘Q’.
Example #5 – Using mesh(__,name, value)Matlab supports the feature to alter the display of the generated plot using name-value pairing format in mesh() function. The attribute given as name in the pair gets set with the data given as value in the function call.
Some of the attributes which can be altered to customize the plot, are given in the table below:
Attribute Description
EdgeColor The attribute is used to decide the color for the edge lines of the plot. Possible values are none, flat, interp, RGB triplets, color name etc.
LineStyle It is used to set the line style for the representation of the 3D surface plot. Possible values are‘-‘ (solid line), ‘- -‘ (dashed line) , ‘:’ (dotted line) etc.
FaceColor This attribute customize the face of the color in the plot. Possible values are flat, interp, RGB triplets, texture map, hexadecimal color code etc.
FaceAlpha It decides the degree of transparency for the faces of the plot. Possible values are any value between 0 to 1.
FaceLighting This attribute is used to decide the effect of the light objects on the plot faces. Possible values are flat, gouraud, none etc.
a. With FaceAlpha=0.6The transparency of the faces of the plot is resulted with FaceAlpha being set to 0.6.
Code:
mesh(P,Q,R,’FaceAlpha’,’0.6′)
Output:
b. With facealpha=0.8Code:
mesh(P,Q,R,’FaceAlpha’,’0.8′)
The transparency of the faces of the plot is changed as value for FaceAlpha is updated from 0.6 to 0.8.
c. With Facecolor=flatCode:
mesh(P,Q,R,’FaceColor’,’flat’)
Output:
The resultant plot is presented with faces having different color for each face depending on the value present in CData property.
The below code returns surface object from the function which is stored in the chart surface object ‘cs’. The display of the plot is altered by modifying the value for EdgeColor and LineStyle by calling the attributes through ‘cs’ object.
Code:
cs.LineStyle=’-.’
Output:
The resultant plot is represented having edges with interpolated coloring depending on the values in the CData property and the lines are displayed following the style format ‘-.’.
Additional Note:
The default behavior of Matlab regarding the plot generation using mesh() function is it computes the color limits depending on the minimum and maximum value of from the input matrix. The intermediate values get mapped to the current color map by means of the process of linear transformation, performed by Matlab.
In the process of generating the surface plot, the simulation of hidden surface elimination is carried out by ‘hidden’ command and that of shading model is controlled by ‘shading command’.
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Complete Guide To Docker Toolbox
Introduction to Docker Toolbox
Docker Toolbox is the Docker solution for the older version of Windows or Mac OS. We can install Docker Toolbox on older Windows or Mac operating systems that do not meet the system requirements of ‘Docker Desktop for Windows’ and ‘Docker Desktop for Mac’. Docker Toolbox includes Docker tools and those are Docker Machine for running ‘docker-machine’ commands, Docker Engine for running the ‘docker’ commands, Docker Compose for running the ‘docker-compose’ commands, Kitematic, the Docker GUI, a shell preconfigured for a Docker command-line environment and Oracle VirtualBox. Docker Toolbox also has some system requirements to install such as the host must have 64-bit OS running Windows 7 or higher and virtualization must be enabled on the system.
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How to Install Docker Toolbox?Given below are the steps to install Docker Toolbox on Windows operating system and it pretty easy:
Step 6: It will start the installation and we get progress bar as below:
Step 8: Then, it will install VirtualBox and that’s it. Docker Toolbox is installed on our machine. Here is the final window of the installation as below:
How does Docker Toolbox work?We cannot run Docker Engine natively on Windows because the Docker Engine daemon uses Linux-specific kernel features to run. So, we need to create and attach a small Linux VM on our host using the Docker Machine command. This VM is going to use to host Docker Engine on our Windows system. It uses Oracle VirtualBox which is included in the package to run that Linux VM in a virtual environment. If VirtualBox is already installed on our computer, we must uncheck the checkbox of VirtualBox while running the Docker Toolbox setup and VirtualBox must be closed before the installation. However, in the newer ‘Docker Desktop for Windows’ desktop solution removed this requirement as it uses native virtualization instead of VirtualBox to run Docker.
Also, Docker Toolbox has only access to the ‘c:users’ directory by default, and it is mounted into VM at ‘/c/Users’ and it is case sensitive. If we want to allow access to other folders, for example, our project files might be somewhere else so we need to configure ‘Shared Folders’ in the VirtualBox.
Docker Toolbox Overview:
Let’s start the Docker and test it to confirm that the installation is successful and Docker is working as expected.
Step 1: Search for the ‘Docker QuickStart Terminal’ icon on the Desktop.
Here, we can see that pre-create checks are complete and it is downloading ‘Boot2Docker’ ISO image to create VM as it was not found locally.
Step 3: If encountered any problem, just restart the terminal and see if the issue is resolved or getting the same issue continuously:
Step 5: We can now test the installation by running any container on it. We can run the ‘docker run hello-world’ command to run ‘hello-world’ container and if everything is good, we get below output after running the above command:
Step 6: We can run other Docker commands as well now. Let’s start by checking images and creating volumes etc. by using below commands:
$docker ps -a
Output:
Explanation:
In the above snapshot, we can see that we are able to list Docker images, volumes, networks, and containers without any errors.
Step 7: Let’s run an nginx container and access the default web page from our browser.
So, here is the command to test it:
Code:
$docker run -d -p 80:80 nginx:alpine
Output:
Now, to access the default web page from the browser, check the IP address of the VM that is populated when started the VM as bash command will not work here and put the IP address in the browser as shown below:
ConclusionDocker Toolbox is an official tool from Docker to run Docker on a different operating system other than Linux if we have old Windows or Mac OS. This tool is very easy to install and use. We can create multiple machines using the ‘docker-machine’ command. We can uninstall the Docker Toolbox from the control panel as we uninstall other applications, however, it does not uninstall VirtualBox, it needs to be uninstalled separately.
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Complete Guide To Cissp Certification
Introduction to CISSP Certification
The following article provides an outline for CISSP Certification. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) is issued by the (ISC)² International Information System Security Certification Consortium and is an independent information security certification. 131,180 (ISC)² members were possessing the CISSP certification globally, around 171 countries, with the United States of America having the maximum number of members at 84,557 members. The CISSP designation was accredited to the ANSI ISO/IEC Standard 17024:2003 as per June 2004.
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A first of its kind, the committee to establish a Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) was established in 1990. CBK, in its first version, was finalized by 1992, and the CISSP certification was official by 1994.
Certification Subject MatterThe CISSP deals with numerous security management topics. The CISSP examination is conducted on the basis of the definition of the CBK by the (ISC)². As per (ISC)², “The CISSP CBK is a taxonomy – a collection of topics relevant to information security professionals around the world. The CISSP CBK helps set a fixed structure of information and security management that ensures professionals in the IT sector globally to solve matters related to this field with a cohesive comprehension.”
The CISSP covers the following topics as of 15 April 2023:
Security and Risk Management
Asset Security
Security Architecture and Engineering
Communication and Network Security
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
Security Assessment and Testing
Security Operations
Software Development Security
Requirements
Should have complete security-related work experience of at least five years in minimum two of the (ISC)² security management. A year of course time can be deducted if an individual has either a four-year degree from a recognized college, a master’s degree in security management, or has done numerous other certifications, particularly security management related. A candidate who does not possess the requisite experience may qualify for the Associate of (ISC)² position by qualifying for the necessary examination; validity is a maximum of six years. In these six years, the associate will have to undergo the required and relevant experience and provide the authorities with the requisite form for CISSP certification.
Should get the certificates of their claims regarding work experience attested and strictly adhere to the ethical structure of CISSP.
Should get criminal history and background verified.
Should score a minimum of 700 out of 1000 in order to qualify.
They should get themselves endorsed by another fellow certificate holder.
CISSP MembersCountry (Top 12) Count
United States 84,557
United Kingdom 6,885
Canada 5,443
South Korea 2,699
Netherlands 2,489
Australia 2,426
India 2,251
China 2,227
Japan 2,197
Germany 2,147
Singapore 1,965
Hong Kong 1,698
Concentration of CISSP CertificationProfessionals with CISSP certification can also pursue additional certifications in areas related to security management.
There are three possibilities:
Initial Fees and Ongoing Certification Value of CISSP Certification
35,167 IT professionals in 170 countries were surveyed by Certification Magazine in 2005 on the basis of compensation and concluded that CISSP certification topped their list of certificates arranged in a chronological manner on the basis of salary. Certification Magazine salary survey of 2006 also placed the CISSP credential at the top order and ranked IT professionals with CISSP associated certifications as the top best-paid credentials.
As per a survey of 2008, the corporate world concluded that professionals in the IT sector with CISSP concentrated certifications and work experience of 5 years at the minimum generally have salaries around 26% higher than other IT professionals with similar experience credentials without any certificates across the USA. But the actual cause and effect of the relationship between the certificate and salaries remain unproven.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to CISSP Certification. Here we discuss the introduction, certification subject matter, requirements, CISSP members, initial fees and ongoing certifications. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more –
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